Pitfalls of Data Analysis

Como evitar erros e viéses na análise de dados

Como evitar erros e viéses na análise de dados

There seems to be a pervasive notion that “you can prove anything with statistics.” This is only true if you use them improperly. In this workshop we’ll discuss things that people often overlook in their data analysis, and ways people sometimes “bend the rules” of statistics to support their viewpoint. We will also discuss ways you can make sure your own statistics are clear and accurate. I will include examples from medicine, education, and industry.

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Statistics on Likert Scale Surveys

Discute as análises de dados legítimas em escalas ordinais

Discute as análises de dados legítimas em escalas ordinais

Disclaimer

What is a Likert Scale?

Reading in the survey from optical mark scanning sheet data

Producing a Table of the frequency results

Producing Means and Standard Deviations

Using T-Tests to compare groups

About the assumptions of the T-Test

An Alternative to T-Tests: the Chi Square Statistic

T-Tests on pairs of questions

Computing Subscales and what to do about reverse wording

Statistics on subscales

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Survey Design Tips

Conselho no desenho de questões de um questionário

Conselho no desenho de questões de um questionário

Survey Design Tips
Writing great questions is an art that like all arts requires a great amount of work, practice, and help from others. The following discussion is one that identifies some of the common pitfalls in survey design and helps in creating a great survey.

Avoid loaded or leading words or questions
Misplaced questions
Mutually non-exclusive response categories
Nonspecific questions
Confusing or unfamiliar words
Non-directed questions give respondents excessive latitude
Forcing answers
Non-exhaustive listings
Unbalanced listings
Double barreled questions
Dichotomous questions
Long questions
Questions on future intentions

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Survey Design

Bons conselhos para realização de inquéritos

Bons conselhos para realização de inquéritos

The Steps in a Survey Project

  1. Establish the goals of the project – What you want to learn
  2. Determine your sample – Whom you will interview
  3. Choose interviewing methodology – How you will interview
  4. Create your questionnaire – What you will ask
  5. Pre-test the questionnaire, if practical – Test the questions
  6. Conduct interviews and enter data – Ask the questions
  7. Analyze the data – Produce the reports

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SPSS Course Content

Elementos de um curso de SPSS básico de 2000

Elementos de um curso de SPSS básico de 2000

Descriptive Statistics
Frequencies Descriptives Explore: Statistics and Charts

Statistical Notes
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio 95% Confidence Intervals

Data Transformations

compute recode

File Transformations

Merge File - Add Cases

Crosstabulation and Measures of Association

Measures for Nominal Data Measures for Ordinal Data Interrater Agreement

Differences Between Two Groups

t test nonparametric tests

ANOVA: Between Subjects

—————————–General Linear Model (GLM)—————————

Design: A Design: A x B Design: A x B x C Simple Main Effects Studies with unequal ns

ANOVA: Repeated Measures

———General Linear Model (GLM)———

1 within-subjects factor 1 within-, 1 between-subjects factors 2 within-, 1 between-subjects factors

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SPSS Topics Multilevel Modeling

Vários materiais sobre Modelação Multinível

Vários materiais sobre Modelação Multinível

SPSS Topics
Multilevel Modeling

These pages contain links from all parts of our web site and others web sites on multilevel modeling.  The topics will vary from introductory to advanced.
SPSS Frequently Asked Questions
SPSS Textbook Examples
SPSS Paper Examples
SPSS Library
Code Fragments

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SPSS Topics Logistic Regression

Vários materiais sobre Regressão Logística

Vários materiais sobre Regressão Logística

SPSS Topics
Logistic Regression

These pages contain links from all parts of our web site and others web sites on logistic and related types of regression.  The topics will vary from introductory to advanced.
Data Analysis Examples
Annotated Output
SPSS Frequently Asked Questions
Textbook Examples
SPSS Library
SPSS Code Fragments

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SPSS Topics Regression

Vários materiais, incluindo vídeos, sobre Regressão Linear

Vários materiais, incluindo vídeos, sobre Regressão Linear

These pages contain links from all parts of our web site and others web sites on regression analysis.  The topics will vary from introductory to advanced.
SPSS Annotated output
SPSS Seminars
SPSS Web Books
SPSS Frequently Asked Questions
Textbook Examples
SPSS Library

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Analysis of Variance

Vários materiais, incluindo vídeos, sobre ANOVA e Regressão

Vários materiais, incluindo vídeos, sobre ANOVA e Regressão

SPSS Topics
Analysis of Variance

These pages contain links from all parts of our web site and others web sites on analysis of variance.  The topics will vary from introductory to advanced.

SPSS Data Analysis Examples
SPSS Seminars
SPSS Web Books
SPSS Frequently Asked Questions
Textbook Examples
SPSS Library
SPSS Code Fragments

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What statistical analysis should I use?

Excelente tabela de decisão sobre os métodos estatísticos com exemplos

Excelente tabela de decisão sobre os métodos estatísticos com exemplos

The following table shows general guidelines for choosing a statistical analysis. We emphasize that these are general guidelines and should not be construed as hard and fast rules.  Usually your data could be analyzed in multiple ways, each of which could yield legitimate answers. The table below covers a number of common analyses and helps you choose among them based on the number of dependent variables (sometimes referred to as outcome variables), the nature of your independent variables (sometimes referred to as predictors).  You also want to consider the nature of your dependent variable, namely whether it is an interval variable, ordinal or categorical variable, and whether it is normally distributed (see What is the difference between categorical, ordinal and interval variables? for more information on this).  The table then shows one or more statistical tests commonly used given these types of variables (but not necessarily the only type of test that could be used) and links showing how to do such tests using SAS, Stata and SPSS.

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